![]() The approach used in this study is a historiography and regional bibliography approach. This period coincided with the last period of the Ottoman dynasty's rule over Mecca and other Hijaz regions. ![]() The Jawi kitabs printed and spread in the holy city, Mecca, while the ulamas of the Archipelago (Jawi) are from the late 19th century into the early 20th century (1885 to 1909, to be precise).
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